Schubbs Dental Clinic
According to our open methodology, this clinic scored 68.9/100 for transparency, reputation, service accessibility, and digital visibility.
Overall rank: #5 of 19 ranked clinics · Last checked: 24 September 2026
68.9/100
Positions by Rating Profile
- Overall Transparency & Trust#568.9/100
- Best for Expats#569.8/100
- Best for Dental Implants#663/100
- Best for Emergency Dental Care#471.8/100
- Best Price Transparency#647/100
- Best English-speaking Clinics#475.3/100
- Best for Families / Children#572.5/100
- Sleep Dentistry (GA / deep sedation)not ranked
General Anaesthesia & Deep Sedation
Whether the clinic documents treatment under general anaesthesia or deep / twilight sedation — "sleep dentistry", where the patient is asleep and unaware (does not feel, see, or hear the procedure). Ordinary conscious sedation, where the patient stays awake and responsive, does not count here. This is informational and does not affect the transparency score.
- ✗ General anaesthesia / deep sedation (sleep dentistry) — No general anaesthesia or deep sedation documented "Sedation & Anesthesia" is published as medication that helps the patient relax and numbs pain during treatment — anxiolysis, not general anaesthesia or asleep-and-unaware sedation. [s1]
Summary
Established 1988, multi-branch practice (Ikoyi, Ikeja GRA, Apapa) with a 25-plus procedure service list spanning orthodontics, implants, panoramic and specialty x-rays and sedation for anxious patients, and a chain-wide dentist directory of twelve named practitioners with specialty tags.
Strengths
- Information Transparency: 20 of 20 points.
- Communication & Service: 8.5 of 10 points.
- AI & Search Visibility: 8 of 10 points.
- No red flags identified in public sources.
Weaknesses
- Price Transparency: 0 of 15 verifiable points (missing: prices or price ranges published; cleaning price listed; filling price listed; crown price listed; implant price listed; consultation price listed; x-ray / imaging price listed)
Score Breakdown
Every criterion below is scored from public sources. ✓ verified yes · ✗ verified no / not found · ◐ partial · ? unverified (scores 0, not a negative finding).
Information Transparency
20 / 20
Whether basic facts about the clinic - its team, premises, services, and location - are publicly verifiable.
| ✓ | Has a working website [s1] | 4/4 |
| ✓ | Dentist names listed The chain's own /dentists directory publishes sixteen named dentists across two pages (ten on page one, six on page two). The pager is a client-side control that could not follow; its query-string form ?636f3e5c_page=2 was followed on 2026-09-07 and the roster is now complete rather than partial. Every name carries its specialties; none carries a licence number, and MDCN publishes no public name search (see the doctor notes). [s2] [y1a] | 3/3 |
| ✓ | Dentist specializations listed Corrected 2026-09-04. The /dentists directory tags every listed dentist with one or more specialties (Orthodontics, Endodontics, Implant Dentistry, Pediatric sedation, General Dentistry) and offers a "Filter by specialty" control listing seventeen recognised dental specialties. The earlier false reading came from the rotating home-page widget, which shows names without tags. [s2] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Real clinic photos Google listing photo strip shows the clinic's own exterior signage [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Service list published [s1] | 3/3 |
| ✓ | Clear contact details [s1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | English website version [s1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Address and map published [s1] | 2/2 |
Price Transparency
0 / 15
Whether patients can estimate costs before visiting. Published price ranges count; exact prices are not required.
| ✗ | Prices or price ranges published Dedicated /dental-plans page describes HMO-style plans and a seasonal discount promo (Dec-Jan) but shows no concrete prices or ranges (rule B: a time-limited promo is not a price list). [s3] | 0/3 |
| ✗ | Cleaning price listed No price figures on the services, dental-plans or seasonal-offers pages; both are promotional, not priced [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-2] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-8] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-3] | 0/2 |
| ✗ | Filling price listed No price figures found for fillings [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-2] | 0/2 |
| ✗ | Crown price listed No price figures found for crowns [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-2] | 0/2 |
| ✗ | Implant price listed No price figures found for implants [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-4] | 0/2 |
| ✗ | Consultation price listed No consultation fee found on the contact or appointment pages [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-5] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-10] | 0/2 |
| ✗ | X-ray / imaging price listed No price figures found for X-rays [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-2] | 0/2 |
Reputation & Reviews
14.5 / 20
Public review signals. The Google rating is adjusted with a Bayesian prior (rating 4.0, weight 25) so a 5.0 from a handful of reviews does not outrank a 4.8 from hundreds.
| ◐ | Google rating (Bayesian-adjusted) Star histogram read live on 2026-09-05: 47 five-star, 10 four-star, 3 three-star, 0 two-star, 6 one-star. The buckets sum to 66, matching the 66 in the place-page header exactly, and the weighted mean 4.394 reproduces the published 4.4. [gmp1] | 3/6 |
| ◐ | Google review volume Read live on 2026-09-05 from the place-page header; the star histogram sums to the same figure. [gmp1] | 1.5/3 |
| ✓ | Review recency The newest review visible is 1 month old, which proves the within-3-months bucket and no better. Sample: the 3 reviews Google Maps renders on the place page, in Google's relevance order; a newest-first list was not available. [gmp1] | 3/3 |
| ✓ | Clinic responds to reviews The owner replies to reviews on Google: 4 of the 10 reviews read carry an owner reply, 1 of them to reviews from the last 12 months; the latest reply is dated 2025-10-08 (to a review of 2025-10-08). [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-17] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | No recurring complaints No repeated complaint theme appears in the visible sample. Sample: the 3 reviews Google Maps renders on the place page, in Google's relevance order; a newest-first list was not available. [gmp1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | No suspicious review patterns Histogram shape, spread of wording and dates, and reviewer-account variety show no sign of manipulation. Sample: the 3 reviews Google Maps renders on the place page, in Google's relevance order; a newest-first list was not available. [gmp1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Active Facebook presence Page 'Schubbs Dental Clinics', 1.9K followers, recommended by 94% across 12 reviews, lists three Lagos addresses including 22B Milverton Road Ikoyi, links schubbsdental.com. Most recent post 18 October 2025. [fbp1] | 1/1 |
| ✗ | TripAdvisor presence No TripAdvisor listing found; no TripAdvisor link on the clinic's own site [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-7] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-11] | 0/0.5 |
| ✗ | Other review platforms No profile found on WhatClinic, Dental Departures, Bookimed, BusinessList Nigeria or Trustpilot (checked 2026-10-02); BusinessList lists only its Apapa clinic. [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-12] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-13] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-14] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-15] [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-16] | 0/0.5 |
Medical Infrastructure
11 / 15
The range of publicly documented equipment and services. This measures documented availability, not clinical quality.
| ✓ | On-site X-ray Panoramic film / X-ray listed among services. [s1] | 2/2 |
| ? | CBCT (3D imaging) | 0/2 |
| ✓ | Implantology [s1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Orthodontics [s1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Oral surgery [s1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Pediatric dentistry "pediatric-friendly care" listed. [s1] | 1.5/1.5 |
| ✓ | Emergency care [s1] | 1.5/1.5 |
| ? | Works with international patients | 0/2 |
Communication & Service
8.5 / 10
How easy it is to contact the clinic, get answers, and book - especially for international patients.
| ✓ | WhatsApp / LINE available The FAQ page links the clinic's WhatsApp number [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-9] | 2/2 |
| ? | Response speed | 0/1.5 |
| ✓ | English spoken [s1] | 2.5/2.5 |
| ✓ | Pre-visit consultation possible Detailed online appointment form with reason-for-visit and branch selection [schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-6] | 1.5/1.5 |
| ✓ | Clear service explanations [s1] | 1/1 |
| ✓ | Convenient opening hours Ikoyi branch page publishes hours: Mon-Fri 8am-5pm, Sat 9am-3pm, Sundays closed, with the note that last appointments are booked one hour before closing. Saturday opening confirmed. [s4] | 1.5/1.5 |
AI & Search Visibility
8 / 10
Whether the clinic is discoverable when patients search - including via AI assistants. Checked with fixed queries: "best dentist Nigeria", "English speaking dentist Nigeria", "dental implants Nigeria", "emergency dentist Nigeria", "Nigeria dental clinic for expats".
| ✗ | Mentioned for: best dentist Nigeria Google first page for "best dentist Lagos" read in the browser on 2026-09-05 (method: browser SERP 2026-09-05, hl=en). The clinic does not appear in the organic results, local pack or AI overview. [bsq1] | 0/1 |
| ✓ | Mentioned for: English speaking dentist Nigeria Google first page for "English speaking dentist Lagos" read in the browser on 2026-09-05 (method: browser SERP 2026-09-05, hl=en). The clinic appears in the organic results, local pack or AI overview. [bsq2] | 1/1 |
| ✗ | Mentioned for: dental implants Nigeria Google first page for "dental implants Lagos" read in the browser on 2026-09-05 (method: browser SERP 2026-09-05, hl=en). The clinic does not appear in the organic results, local pack or AI overview. [bsq3] | 0/1 |
| ✓ | Mentioned for: emergency dentist Nigeria Google first page for "emergency dentist Lagos" read in the browser on 2026-09-05 (method: browser SERP 2026-09-05, hl=en). The clinic appears in the organic results, local pack or AI overview. [bsq4] | 1/1 |
| ✓ | Mentioned for: Nigeria dental clinic for expats Google first page for "Lagos dental clinic for expats" read in the browser on 2026-09-05 (method: browser SERP 2026-09-05, hl=en). The clinic appears in the organic results, local pack or AI overview. [bsq5] | 1/1 |
| ✓ | Structured data on website application/ld+json present. [s1] | 1.5/1.5 |
| ✓ | Google indexing quality own domain schubbsdental.com holds 5 of 10 results with dedicated branch pages (Ikeja, Apapa, Ikoyi, appointments) despite social/directory results at top (web search 2026-09-07) [giq1] | 2/2 |
| ✓ | Dedicated service pages Per-treatment pages under /services/: dental-implants, extraction, gingivectomy, pulpotomy-temporary-restoration, pulp-cap-restoration, porcelain-crown-repair, reverse-post-core, easy-graft-etho-oss-application, dentomycin-application, occlusal-rest-maryland-flange and more (internal link inventory, 2026-09-04). [s1] | 1.5/1.5 |
Licensing & Credentials
Whether the clinic publishes its operating licence and the dentists working there together with their professional licence numbers. A verified “not published” is recorded as a red flag; data we have not checked yet is shown as unverified and carries no penalty.
Clinic operating licence: not checked against public sources yet — unverified, no penalty
Dentists & professional licences
| Dentist | Specialization | Licence No. |
|---|---|---|
| Dr. Yemi (Virginia) Adediran [s2] [mdcn1] | Orthodontics | not verified |
| Dr. Femi Adejumo [s2] [mdcn1] | General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Bode Karunwi [s2] [mdcn1] | General Dentistry, Endodontics, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Kehinde Igiowo [s2] [mdcn1] | General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Oluwafemi Okunola [s2] [mdcn1] | General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Kehinde Wenike-Briggs [s2] [mdcn1] | Pediatric sedation | not verified |
| Dr. Olufunke Adebayo [s2] [mdcn1] | Orthodontics | not verified |
| Dr. Adesola Asade [s2] [mdcn1] | Orthodontics | not verified |
| Dr. Rotimi Omololu [s2] [mdcn1] | General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Tolulase Yemitan [s2] [mdcn1] | Orthodontics | not verified |
| Dr. Asushei Amune [s2] [mdcn1] [y1a] | General Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Abisola Musah [s2] [mdcn1] [y1a] | Dental Surgeon (general, cosmetic, endodontic, implantology, Invisalign, child dental care) | not verified |
| Dr. Yinka Lesi [y1a] | Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | not verified |
| Dr. Chika Ibeh [y1a] | General Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Adeniyi Adewusi [y1a] | General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry | not verified |
| Dr. Taofeek Akinniyi [y1a] | Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | not verified |
Dentists are named; their licence numbers have not been checked against public sources yet — unverified, no penalty.
Red Flags
No red flags identified in the public sources we reviewed.
Data We Could Not Verify
- Medical Infrastructure: CBCT (3D imaging)
- Medical Infrastructure: Works with international patients
- Communication & Service: Response speed
Unverified items score 0 points but are not treated as negative findings. If you can document any of them, please send a correction.
Contact Information
| Website | https://www.schubbsdental.com/ |
|---|---|
| Phone | (080) 668 56109 |
| https://www.facebook.com/Schubbs.Dental | |
| Google Maps | Map listing |
| Address | 22B Milverton Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria |
Contact details are provided for identification only and may change; verify with the clinic directly.
Sources
| ID | Source | What it supports | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| s1 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/ | Address, phones (Ikoyi/Ikeja/Apapa/emergency), services, X-ray/CBCT/sedation, established 1988, structured data | 2026-09-24 |
| s2 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/dentists | Dentist roster | 2026-09-04 |
| s3 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/dental-plans | HMO/dental-plans page checked for prices — none published, only a seasonal discount promo | 2026-09-24 |
| s4 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/clinic-branches/ikoyi | Ikoyi branch address, phones and opening hours | 2026-09-04 |
| reg1 | https://backend.hfr.fmohconnect.gov.ng/api/facilities-hospitals-sea… | National Health Facility Registry search — no match | 2026-09-04 |
| mdcn1 | https://portal.mdcn.gov.ng/confirm-doctor-status | MDCN public verification portal: folio-number-only, no by-name search (structural null for every named dentist below) | 2026-09-04 |
| sq1 | search:best dentist Lagos Nigeria clinic | AI/search visibility scout | 2026-09-04 |
| sq2 | search:dental clinic Lagos Nigeria implants website | AI/search visibility scout | 2026-09-04 |
| gmp1 | https://www.google.com/maps/place/Schubbs+Dental+Clinics/@6.4466957… | Live Google Maps place page: rating, review count, star histogram, review dates, owner replies, pin coordinates | 2026-09-05 |
| fbp1 | https://www.facebook.com/Schubbs.Dental | Clinic Facebook page read live in the browser: existence, identity, follower count, review count, most recent post | 2026-09-05 |
| bsq1 | search:best dentist Lagos | Browser SERP visibility check - best dentist Lagos | 2026-09-05 |
| bsq2 | search:English speaking dentist Lagos | Browser SERP visibility check - English speaking dentist Lagos | 2026-09-05 |
| bsq3 | search:dental implants Lagos | Browser SERP visibility check - dental implants Lagos | 2026-09-05 |
| bsq4 | search:emergency dentist Lagos | Browser SERP visibility check - emergency dentist Lagos | 2026-09-05 |
| bsq5 | search:Lagos dental clinic for expats | Browser SERP visibility check - Lagos dental clinic for expats | 2026-09-05 |
| giq1 | search:"Schubbs Dental Clinic" Lagos | own domain schubbsdental.com holds 5 of 10 results with dedicated branch pages (Ikeja, Apapa, Ikoyi, appointments) despite social/directory results at top | 2026-09-07 |
| y1a | https://www.schubbsdental.com/dentists?636f3e5c_page=2 | Own-site "Dentists" directory page 2 (pagination not previously fetched) names this dentist (read 2026-09-10): "Dr. Asushei Amune — General Dentistry, Implant Dentistry". | 2026-09-10 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen | https://www.google.com/maps?cid=12645631151845639028&hl=en | Photo strip read 2026-09-24: the clinic's boundary wall with its own "Schubbs" branded sign | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-2 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/services | Pages read: /services and eight service pages (composite filling, consultation, scaling and polishing, dental implants, panoramic film, porcelain and zirconia crowns, extraction), /dental-plans, /seasonal-offers, /faqs, /hmos - no price figures | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-3 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/seasonal-offers | "Seasonal Offers" page: "Offers coming soon", no discount amounts or fees | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-4 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/media/dental-implants-explained | Pages read: /services and eight service pages (composite filling, consultation, scaling and polishing, dental implants, panoramic film, porcelain and zirconia crowns, extraction), /dental-plans, /seasonal-offers, /faqs, /hmos - no price figures | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-5 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/contact | Pages read: /services and eight service pages (composite filling, consultation, scaling and polishing, dental implants, panoramic film, porcelain and zirconia crowns, extraction), /dental-plans, /seasonal-offers, /faqs, /hmos - no price figures | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-6 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/appointments | "Request Appointment" form: "Reason for visit" dropdown (Routine Check-up & Cleaning, Tooth Pain, Cavity or Filling, Gum Issues, Missing Tooth/Implants, Braces/Invisalign, Teeth Whitening, Cosmetic Dentistry, Children's Dental Visit, Emergency Visit, ...) and "Preferred branch" selector | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-7 | https://www.tripadvisor.com/TypeAheadJson?action=API&query=Schubbs%… | TripAdvisor search for "Schubbs Dental Clinic" (2026-09-24, re-checked 2026-09-25): the results are unrelated hotels and attractions, no dental clinic in Nigeria | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-9 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/faqs | FAQ page: "or contact us on Whatsapp" linking wa.me/2348066856109 (the clinic's listed number 0806 685 6109) | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-8 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/dental-plans | "Dental Plans" page describes bundled plans and discounts with no fee figures | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-10 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/appointments | Appointment form has a "Consultation" reason-for-visit option with no fee shown | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-11 | https://www.schubbsdental.com/ | Clinic site pages read: no link to tripadvisor.com | 2026-09-24 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-12 | https://www.whatclinic.com/dentists/nigeria | WhatClinic: its Nigeria dentist page reads "No information on Dentists in Nigeria", and none of the 22,054 dentist profiles in its profile sitemaps is in Nigeria — no profile for this clinic (checked 2026-10-02) | 2026-10-02 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-13 | https://www.dentaldepartures.com/dentists/nigeria | Dental Departures: its Nigeria page returns "not found" and its clinic search lists no clinic in Nigeria — no profile for this clinic (checked 2026-10-02) | 2026-10-02 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-14 | https://bookimed.com/clinics/country=nigeria/ | Bookimed: its Nigeria clinic page has been removed ("410 — Page removed"), and none of the 2,127 clinic pages in its clinic sitemap is in Nigeria (checked 2026-10-02) | 2026-10-02 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-15 | https://www.businesslist.com.ng/category/dentists | BusinessList Nigeria: its dentist category (161 listings declared; all 9 pages read, 156 listings) has no listing with this clinic's name, address or phone; its Schubbs entries are for the Apapa clinic at 5 Douala Road, not the Milverton Road, Ikoyi clinic (checked 2026-10-02) | 2026-10-02 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-16 | https://www.trustpilot.com/review/schubbsdental.com | Trustpilot: no company page for schubbsdental.com ("Whoops! … could not be found", checked 2026-10-02) | 2026-10-02 |
| schubbs-dental-clinic-lagos-deepen-17 | https://www.google.com/maps?cid=12645631151845639028&hl=en | Google listing "Schubbs Dental Clinics" (Dental clinic, Dental implants periodontist), read 2026-10-05 in two review orders (the five lowest-rated and the five newest): rated 4.4 from 68 reviews (1★ 6 / 2★ 0 / 3★ 3 / 4★ 11 / 5★ 48); 10 distinct reviews read, dated 2017-07-27 to 2026-09-30, 4 with an owner reply | 2026-10-05 |
Change History
| Date | Change |
|---|---|
| 2026-10-05 | Read the clinic's Google listing on 2026-10-05 (its lowest-rated and newest reviews with the star histogram): the owner replies to reviews. |
| 2026-10-02 | Other-platform presence checked 2026-10-02: no profile on WhatClinic, Dental Departures, Bookimed, BusinessList Nigeria or Trustpilot. |
| 2026-09-29 | Corrected 2026-09-29: clinic responds to reviews now unverified: only 3 reviews were checked for owner replies. |
| 2026-09-24 | Re-read on 2026-09-24: the clinic's website (services, dental plans, seasonal offers, appointments, about and contact pages) and its Google listing. Recorded: genuine exterior-signage photo; no prices published for any service - the dental-plans and seasonal-offers pages describe bundles and promotions without figures; the appointment form lets patients pick a specific reason for visit and a branch; a WhatsApp contact link on the FAQ page. Not found on TripAdvisor. Still unverified: CBCT/3D imaging (no equipment page found) and work with international patients (the site speaks of matching international-quality standards at home, not of treating patients living abroad; the booking form's country-of-residence field alone is not a clinic statement). |
| 2026-09-10 | Name-verification pass 2026-09-10: Dr. Asushei Amune, Dr. Abisola Musah, Dr. Yinka Lesi, Dr. Chika Ibeh, Dr. Adeniyi Adewusi, Dr. Taofeek Akinniyi confirmed via own-site roster page(s) not read in the original check (or matched under a spelling/transliteration variant). Source(s) added; license value(s) left exactly as on record. |
| 2026-09-09 | Sedation criterion re-read against methodology 1.4.0, which counts only general anaesthesia or deep intravenous sedation where the patient is asleep and unaware. "Sedation & Anesthesia" is published as medication that helps the patient relax and numbs pain during treatment — anxiolysis, not general anaesthesia or asleep-and-unaware sedation. The value moves from true to false: what this practice offers is published, and it is not sleep dentistry. |
| 2026-09-07 | Close-out, 2026-09-07: the client-side pager on the clinic's own /dentists directory was followed to its second page, confirming the chain-wide roster as sixteen named dentists and adding the four the first page did not show. |
| 2026-09-05 | Checked by hand in a browser: Google Maps place page read live for rating, review count, star histogram, review recency, owner replies, complaint and manipulation reading and pin coordinates; the clinic Facebook page opened for reputation.onFacebook; the five canonical visibility queries re-run as browser SERPs. |
| 2026-09-04 | Initial data collection for the Nigeria Dental Transparency & Trust Index: verified via schubbsdental.com, the National Health Facility Registry, and the MDCN public verification portal. |
A question or a correction?
Have a question, a suggestion, or a correction to this page? Get in touch — we read every message. Verified data corrections are reviewed against sources and applied with a public change-history entry.